PROFESSORES E LITERATURA INFANTIL: UM ESTUDO SOBRE A INTERAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES COM LIVROS

Este estudo investiga como os professores se relacionam com obras literárias infantis e a maneira como as apresentam aos alunos, a fim de observar as principais características da relação estabelecida com a obra e com os elementos que a compõem. Além disso, tendo como base a carência de estudos voltados para os paratextos, visto sua importância dentro da composição de um livro literário, tem-se como objetivo discutir a forma como os educadores compreendem e interagem com esses elementos, bem como os apresentam aos alunos. Para dar conta dos objetivos propostos, foi construído um questionário baseado em questões que possibilitassem o entendimento quanto ao que o professor costuma observar nas suas interações com obras infantis; se observa elementos como capa, contracapa, orelhas, biografia e sinopse; o que considera mais importante e, sobretudo, qual a importância que direciona para esses paratextos e de que forma os compreende. Esse instrumento foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira especificamente sobre a forma como o professor se relaciona com as obras e a segunda em relação à forma como as trabalha com os alunos. Por meio da aplicação desse instrumento, foram levantados dados posteriormente analisados sobre os quais foram formuladas as considerações apresentadas nesse artigo. Por meio desse estudo pretendemos, ainda, contribuir para a discussão sobre a temática dos paratextos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao entendimento que lhe atribuído por docentes

The brief methylprednisolone administration is crucial to mitigate cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the major causes of heart failure and mortality. Glucocorticoids administration post-infarction has long been proposed, but it has shown conflicting results so far. This controversy may be associated with the glucocorticoid type and the period when it is administered. To elucidate these, the present aims to evaluate if the brief methylprednisolone acetate administration is determinant for heart adaptation after AMI. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: sham-operated (SHAM); infarcted (AMI); infarcted treated with methylprednisolone acetate (AMI+M). Immediately after surgery, the AMI+M group received a single dose of methylprednisolone acetate (40 mg/kg i.m.). After 56 days, the cardiac function was assessed and lungs, liver and heart were collected to determine rates of hypertrophy and congestion. Heart was used for oxidative stress and metalloproteinase activity analyses. Methylprednisolone acetate attenuated matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, cardiac dilatation, and prevented the onset of pulmonary congestion, as well as avoided cardiac hypertrophy. Our data indicate that administration of methylprednisolone acetate shortly after AMI may be a therapeutic alternative for attenuation of detrimental ventricular remodeling

Mapeamento das áreas de risco de escorregamentos translacionais na bacia do arroio Forromeco - RS

Os escorregamentos translacionais são um tipo de fenômeno natural causador de desastres naturais, cuja frequência e intensidade têm aumentado e, consequentemente os danos associados. Portanto, é necessário executar medidas preventivas que podem prevenir e reduzir os danos, entre elas o mapeamento das áreas de risco. No presente estudo foi realizado o mapeamento de risco para a Bacia do Arroio Forromeco, no estado de Rio Grande do Sul. O risco foi considerado como sendo a associação entre perigo e vulnerabilidade. O mapa de perigo foi elaborado a partir do modelo de estabilidade de encosta SHALSTAB, que utiliza dados topográficos, pedológicos e hidrológicos para previsão das áreas instáveis. Os dados topográficos foram mensurados através do uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica e os dados pedológicos foram retirados da bibliografia. Também foi gerado um inventário das cicatrizes de escorregamento, para a realização da calibração do modelo. A vulnerabilidade foi construída através de 6 variáveis relacionadas às características demográficas, educacionais, de renda e dependência retiradas do Censo 2000 e 2010 e elaboradas para os 116 setores censitários dentro da bacia. Cruzando o índice de perigo com o índice de vulnerabilidade obteve-se o índice de risco para cada setor censitário. O mapa final de perigo mostrou uma divisão geográfica, onde no centro da bacia concentraram-se áreas de perigo muito alto e somente no extremo norte e noroeste se encontram áreas de perigo muito baixo a baixo. A distribuição geográfica das classes de vulnerabilidade na bacia se mostrou heterogênea. O setor com menor Índice de Vulnerabilidade se encontra no município de Carlos Barbosa, e o setor com maior Índice de Vulnerabilidade se encontra no município de Farroupilha. Em conclusão foi demonstrado que a Bacia do Arroio Forromeco possui risco alto, sendo que os municípios com maior risco de escorregamento de encosta são Alto Feliz, Barão e Carlos Barbosa e com menor risco de escorregamento é Bom Princípio.Translational landslide is a kind of natural phenomena that cause natural disasters, whose frequency and intensity have increased, and consequently the damage associated. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive measures that can reduce or prevent, such as mapping of risk areas. In this study, the Arroio Forromeco basin, in Rio Grande do Sul state was mapped and the risk was calculated as the association between hazard and vulnerability. The hazard map was assessed by the terrain stability model SHALSTAB, which uses topographic, pedological and hydrological data to predict unstable areas. The topographic data was obtained by geographic information systems tools and the pedological data was measured according to literature. In addition, a landslide scar inventory was generated to calibrate the model. The vulnerability was measured by 6 variables related to demographic characteristics, education, income and dependency, according to 2000 and 2010 census and prepared for the 116 census tracts within the basin. The risk index was established for each census tract by analysing the relationship between hazard and vulnerability index. The final hazard map showed a clear geographic separation, with very high hazard in the basin centre and very low and low hazard in the northwest and north. The geographic distribution of the vulnerability index showed a heterogenic distribution in the basin. The lowest vulnerability index was found in Carlos Barbosa city, and the highest vulnerability index was found in Farroupilha city. In conclusion, we found that the Arroio Forromeco basin has high risk and the cities with the highest landslide risk are Alto Feliz, Barao and Carlos Barbosa, whereas the lowest risk was found in Bom Princípio

Mapeamento das áreas de risco de escorregamentos translacionais na bacia do arroio Forromeco - RS

Os escorregamentos translacionais são um tipo de fenômeno natural causador de desastres naturais, cuja frequência e intensidade têm aumentado e, consequentemente os danos associados. Portanto, é necessário executar medidas preventivas que podem prevenir e reduzir os danos, entre elas o mapeamento das áreas de risco. No presente estudo foi realizado o mapeamento de risco para a Bacia do Arroio Forromeco, no estado de Rio Grande do Sul. O risco foi considerado como sendo a associação entre perigo e vulnerabilidade. O mapa de perigo foi elaborado a partir do modelo de estabilidade de encosta SHALSTAB, que utiliza dados topográficos, pedológicos e hidrológicos para previsão das áreas instáveis. Os dados topográficos foram mensurados através do uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica e os dados pedológicos foram retirados da bibliografia. Também foi gerado um inventário das cicatrizes de escorregamento, para a realização da calibração do modelo. A vulnerabilidade foi construída através de 6 variáveis relacionadas às características demográficas, educacionais, de renda e dependência retiradas do Censo 2000 e 2010 e elaboradas para os 116 setores censitários dentro da bacia. Cruzando o índice de perigo com o índice de vulnerabilidade obteve-se o índice de risco para cada setor censitário. O mapa final de perigo mostrou uma divisão geográfica, onde no centro da bacia concentraram-se áreas de perigo muito alto e somente no extremo norte e noroeste se encontram áreas de perigo muito baixo a baixo. A distribuição geográfica das classes de vulnerabilidade na bacia se mostrou heterogênea. O setor com menor Índice de Vulnerabilidade se encontra no município de Carlos Barbosa, e o setor com maior Índice de Vulnerabilidade se encontra no município de Farroupilha. Em conclusão foi demonstrado que a Bacia do Arroio Forromeco possui risco alto, sendo que os municípios com maior risco de escorregamento de encosta são Alto Feliz, Barão e Carlos Barbosa e com menor risco de escorregamento é Bom Princípio.Translational landslide is a kind of natural phenomena that cause natural disasters, whose frequency and intensity have increased, and consequently the damage associated. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive measures that can reduce or prevent, such as mapping of risk areas. In this study, the Arroio Forromeco basin, in Rio Grande do Sul state was mapped and the risk was calculated as the association between hazard and vulnerability. The hazard map was assessed by the terrain stability model SHALSTAB, which uses topographic, pedological and hydrological data to predict unstable areas. The topographic data was obtained by geographic information systems tools and the pedological data was measured according to literature. In addition, a landslide scar inventory was generated to calibrate the model. The vulnerability was measured by 6 variables related to demographic characteristics, education, income and dependency, according to 2000 and 2010 census and prepared for the 116 census tracts within the basin. The risk index was established for each census tract by analysing the relationship between hazard and vulnerability index. The final hazard map showed a clear geographic separation, with very high hazard in the basin centre and very low and low hazard in the northwest and north. The geographic distribution of the vulnerability index showed a heterogenic distribution in the basin. The lowest vulnerability index was found in Carlos Barbosa city, and the highest vulnerability index was found in Farroupilha city. In conclusion, we found that the Arroio Forromeco basin has high risk and the cities with the highest landslide risk are Alto Feliz, Barao and Carlos Barbosa, whereas the lowest risk was found in Bom Princípio

The involvement of the Nrf2 / ß-catenin axis in hepatocarcinogenesis

Nuclear (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 factor (Nrf2) protects against carcinogenesis and many other chronic diseases thought activating the cellular defence mechanisms. Moreover, it is also involved in proliferation and differentiation processes during liver regeneration. However, Nrf2 acts as a double-edged sword: Nrf2 activity in tumour cells supports cancer cell survival and progression. Current research articles describe various gain of function mutations in genes of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway that lead to continuous Nrf2 activation as an early event in primary liver cancers (PLC). Therefore, it seems to be obvious that Nrf2 might be involved in tumour initiation processes. To examine the influence of continuous Nrf2 activity in hepatic cells the Keap1::Alb-Cre mouse model was used. Hepatic cells of these mice display continuous Nrf2 activity as a consequence of an albumin promoter driven Keap1 gene deletion, the inhibitor of Nrf2. After 90 weeks the liver of the Keap1::Alb-Cre mice were analysed. The livers showed various forms of primary liver cancer inter alia hepatoblastoma (HB), portal field dysplasia, and hepatocarcinomas (HCC). The malignancy of these tumours was confirmed by the presence of lung metastasis in these animals. Continuous Nrf2 activity creates a pro-regenerative milieu that is reflected by proliferation and hypertrophy of adult hepatic cells and liver progenitor cell (LPC) activation. It is already known that the activation and transformation of LPC into cancer stem cells (CSC) is an early event in hepatocarcinogenesis. The Keap1::Alb-Cre liver showed an increased number of activated LPC that finally resulted in HB development around the central vein and oval cell dysplasia in the portal field area. ß-catenin activation is a hallmark of HB and appears to play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesised that Nrf2 induced ß-catenin activity leads to CSC formation. In the Keap1::Alb-Cre livers we determine an increased ß-catenin expression and nuclear ß-catenin localisation in tumour lesions. In silico analyses of the ß-catenin promoter of various species confirmed the presence of a consensus sequence of the antioxidant response element (ARE), the Nrf2 binding site. The functionality of this ARE-sequence in the murine ß-catenin promoter was validated by reporter-gene assay, EMSA and ChIP experiments. To determine the involvement of Nrf2 induced ß-catenin expression in hepatocarcinogenesis a tumour screening in 28 weeks old Keap::Alb-Cre and Keap1::ß-Catenin::Alb-Cre double-knockout mice was preformed and showed that HB development is 50 % decreased in the Keap1::ß-cat::Alb-Cre livers in comparison to the Keap::Alb-Cre livers. These findings indicate the proto-oncogenic character of gain of function mutations in the genes of the Nrf2/Keap1-system. Continuous Nrf2 activation directly up-regulates ß-catenin expression a prerequisite to induce HB formation. In addition, we showed that an Nrf2 knockdown in hepatic tumour cells leads to decreased ß-catenin expression and inhibits the proliferation of primary hepatic tumour cells. Therefore, targeting the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway has a great potential to inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis in an early stage

Data from: Nrf2 ameliorates DDC-induced sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and improves the regenerative capacity of the liver.

The Nrf2 pathway protects against oxidative stress and induces regeneration of various tissues. Here, we investigated whether Nrf2 protects from sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and simultaneously induces liver regeneration. Diet containing 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) was fed to Nrf2-KO mice (Nrf2-/-), mice with liver-specific hyper-activated Nrf2 (HKeap1-/-) and wild type (WT) littermates to induce cholangitis, liver fibrosis, and oval cell expansion. HKeap1-/--mice were protected from almost all DDC-induced injury compared to WT and Nrf2-/-. Liver injury in Nrf2-/- and WT mice was mostly similar, albeit Nrf2-/- suffered more from DDC diet as seen for several parameters. Nrf2 activity was especially important for the expression of the hepatic efflux transporters Abcg2 and Abcc2-4, which are involved in hepatic toxin elimination. Surprisingly, cell proliferation was more enhanced in Nrf2-/-- but also HKeap1-/--mice compared to WT. Interestingly, Nrf2-/--mice failed to sufficiently activate oval cell expansion after DDC-treatment and showed almost no resident oval cell population under control conditions. The resident oval cell population of untreated HKeap1-/--mice was increased and DDC-treatment resulted in a stronger oval cell expansion compared to WT. We provide evidence that Nrf2 activation protects from DDC-induced sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis. Moreover, our data establish a possible role of Nrf2 in oval cell expansion